From the Civil War to Loneliness: Vulnerability in the Lives of Older People

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.54790/rccs.41

Keywords:

old people, living alone, vulnerability, unmet needs, qualitative methodology

Abstract

This article addresses the social reality of people over the age 80 years old, focusing on the problems that affect their daily lives and the resources required to deal with them. Based on qualitative methodology, it uses interviews as an information-production technique and grounded theory as an analytical tool. Our results indicate that these people, who live alone, are exposed to a situation of vulnerability that is generated as a result of the deterioration of their health or physical weakness. At home, many of them have difficulty performing domestic tasks, while outside, their social activity is reduced. The family is their main source of instrumental support, but there are many cases of unmet needs, especially if they do not have the financial means to hire professional help. There are also those who live in social isolation, the magnitude of which depends on the severity of their physical limitations. All of this combines to intensify this sense of loneliness. However, vulnerability is not something that is new to them. An analysis of their lives reveals that many have already endured it, experiencing a childhood that was severely impacted by the Spanish Civil War and the post-war period.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Metrics

Metrics Loading ...

Author Biographies

Juan López Doblas, Universidad de Granada

Profesor Titular del Departamento de Sociología de la Universidad de Granada. Doctor en Sociología por la Universidad de Granada. Premio IMSERSO ‘Infanta Cristina’ en la categoría de ‘Estudios e investigaciones sociales’ en 2004. Ganador del XXI Premio de Tesis Doctorales del Colegio Nacional de Doctores y Licenciados y en CCPP y Sociología. Investigador en Sociología del Envejecimiento y en Sociología de la Familia, ha participado en numerosos proyectos y en publicaciones nacionales e internacionales. Profesor y ex coordinador del Máster ‘Problemas sociales: dirección y gestión de programas sociales’ de la Universidad de Granada.

María del Pilar Díaz, Universidad de Granada

Associate Professor in the Department of Social Psychology at the University of Granada, she teaches in the Faculty of Labour Relations and Human Resources. Her main lines of research are active ageing, social participation of the elderly and intergenerational relations and programmes. She has collaborated in the implementation and development of various national and international research projects on these topics. She is a lecturer on the 'Master's Degree in Gerontology, Dependency and Protection of the Elderly' at the University of Granada.

References

Aartsen, M. y Jylhä, M. (2011). Onset of loneliness in older adults: results of a 28 year prospective study. European Journal of Ageing, 8(1), 31-38. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10433-011-0175-7

Abellán García, A., Esparza Catalán, C. y Pérez Díaz, J. (2011). Evolución y estructura de la población en situación de dependencia. Cuadernos de Relaciones Laborales, 29(1), 43-67. https://doi.org/10.5209/rev_CRLA.2011.v29.n1.2

Allen, S., Lima, J., Goldscheider, F. y Roy, J. (2012). Primary caregiver characteristics and transitions in community-based care. The Journals of Gerontology, Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 67(3), 362-371. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbs032

Cámara, A., Rodríguez Guzmán, C., Barroso Benítez, I. y Morente Mejías, F. (2021).Sociodemographic analysis of an accelerated transition: the rise of solo living in Spain. European Societies, 23(1), 161-189. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616696.2020.1793212

Dahlberg, L., McKee, K., Frank, A. y Naseer, M. (2021). A systematic review of longitudinal risk factors for loneliness in older adults. Aging and Mental Health, 26(2), 225-249. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2021.1876638

De Jong Gierveld, J. (1987). Developing and testing a model of loneliness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53(1), 119-128. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.53.1.119

De Jong Gierveld, J., Dykstra, P. y Schenk, N. (2012). Living arrangements, intergenerational support types and older adult loneliness in Eastern and Westerns Europe. Demographic Research, 27(7), 167-200. https://doi.org/10.4054/DemRes.2012.27.7

Desai, M., Lentzner, H. y Weeks, J. (2001). Unmet need for personal assistance with activities of daily living among older adults. The Gerontologist, 41(1), 82-88. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/41.1.82

Domènech, J. et al. (2021). Social network size, loneliness, physical functioning and depressive symptoms among older adults: Examining reciprocal associations in four waves of the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam (LASA). International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 36(10), 1541-1549. https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.5560

Dramé, M. et al. (2012). Nursing home admission in elderly subjects with dementia: predictive factors and future challenges. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, 13(1), 83-e17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamda.2011.03.002

Durán Heras, Mª. Á. (2018). La riqueza invisible del cuidado. Valencia: Universitat de València.

Eichler, T. et al. (2016). Living alone with dementia: prevalence, correlates and the utilization of health and nursing care services? Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, 52(2), 619-629. https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-151058

Elizalde San Miguel, B. (2018). ¿Femenino e informal? El modelo tradicional de cuidados a examen desde una perspectiva demográfica. Prisma Social, 21, 243-262.

Fernández Carro, C. (2016). Ageing at home, co-residence or institutionalization? Preferred care and residential arrangements of older adult in Spain. Ageing and Society, 36(3), 586-612. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0144686X1400138X

Fernández Cordón, J. A. y Tobío, C. (2007). Andalucía. Dependencia y solidaridad en las redes familiares. Sevilla: IEA.

Flaquer, L. y Soler, J. (1990). Permanencia y cambio en la familia española. Madrid: CIS.

Gallo Estrada, J. y Molina Mula, J. (2015). Factores que inciden en la soledad residencial de las personas mayores que viven solas. Gerokomos, 26(1), 3-9. https://doi.org/10.4321/S1134-928X2015000100002

Havens, B., Hall, M., Sylvestre, G. y Jivan, T. (2004). Social isolation and loneliness: differences between older rural and urban Manitobans. Canadian Journal on Aging, 23(2), 129-140. https://doi.org/10.1353/cja.2004.0022

Larsson, K. y Silverstein, M. (2004). The effects of marital status on informal support and service utilization: a study of older Swedes living alone. Journal of Aging Studies, 18(3), 231-244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaging.2004.01.001

López Doblas, J. (2005). Personas mayores viviendo solas. La autonomía como valor en alza. Madrid: IMSERSO.

López Doblas, J. y Díaz Conde, M.ª P. (2013). La modernización social de la vejez en España. Revista Internacional de Sociología, 71(1), 65-89. https://doi.org/10.3989/ris.2011.04.26

López Doblas, J. (2018). Formas de convivencia de las personas mayores. Revista Española de Investigaciones Sociológicas, 161, 23-40. http://doi.org/10.5477/cis/reis.161.23

López Doblas, J. y Díaz Conde, M.ª P. (2018). Viudedad, salud y soledad en la vejez. Revista Española de Geriatría y Gerontología, 53(3), 128-133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.regg.2017.09.005

López Doblas, J. y Díaz Conde, M.ª P. (2021). El aumento de personas mayores solas en Andalucía y en España. Informe cuantitativo. Sevilla: Fundación Pública Andaluza Centro de Estudios Andaluces. https://doi.org/10.54790/actualidad.0002

López Villanueva, C. y Pujadas Rubies I. (2018). Vivir solo en España. Evolución y características de los hogares unipersonales en la vejez. Panorama Social, 28, 93-115.

Lorente Martínez, R., Brotons Rodes, P. y Sitges Maciá, E. (2022). Benefits of a psychosocial intervention programme using volunteers for the prevention of loneliness among older women living alone in Spain. Health & Social Care in the Community, 30(5), 2000-2012. https://doi.org/10.1111/hsc.13581

Martikainen, P. et al. (2009). Gender, living arrangements, and social circumstances as determinants of entry into and exit from long-term institutional care at older ages: a 6-years follow-up study of older Finns. The Gerontologist, 49(1), 34-45. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnp013

Molina Mula, J., Gallo Estrada, J. y González Trujillo, A. (2020). Self-perceptions and behavior of older people living alone. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(23), 8739. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17238739

Padyab, M., Reher, D., Requena, M. y Sandström, G. (2019). Going it alone in later life: a comparative analysis of elderly women in Sweden and Spain. Journal of Family Issues, 40(8), 1038-1064. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X19831334

Park, S. et al. (2017). Health and social-physical environment profiles among older adults living alone: associations with depressive symptoms. Journal of Gerontology, Social Sciences, 74(4), 675-684. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbx003

Pickard, L. (2015). A growing care gap? The supply of unpaid care for older people by their adult children in England to 2032. Ageing and Society, 35(1), 96-123. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0144686X13000512

Pimouguet, C. et al. (2015). Impact of living alone on institutionalization and mortality: a population-based longitudinal study. European Journal of Public Health, 26(1), 182-187. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckv052

Reher, D. y Requena, M. (2017). Elderly women living alone in Spain: the importance of having children. European Journal of Ageing, 14(3), 311-322. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10433-017-0415-6

Requena, M. (1999). Pautas contemporáneas de evolución de los hogares en España. Revista Internacional de Sociología, 22, 33-65.

Rongve, A., Vossius, C., Nore, S., Testad, I. y Aarsland, D. (2014). Time until nursing home admission in people with mild dementia: comparison of dementia with Lewy bodies and Alzheimer’s dementia. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 29(4), 392-398. https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.4015

San Martín Baquedano, J. y Jiménez Martín, E. (2021). La soledad en las personas mayores que viven solas. Una aproximación a la realidad de Navarra. Madrid: Cruz Roja Española.

Solsona, M. y Treviño, R. (1990). Estructuras familiares en España. Madrid: Instituto de la Mujer.

Spitze, G. y Ward, R. (2000). Gender, marriage, and expectations for personal care. Research on Aging, 22(5), 451-469. https://doi.org/10.1177/0164027500225001

Sundström, G., Fransson, E., Malmberg, B. y Davey, A. (2009). Loneliness among older Europeans. European Journal of Ageing, 6(4), 267-275. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10433-009-0134-8

Valero, Á. (1995). El sistema familiar español. Recorrido a través del último cuarto de siglo. Revista Española de Investigaciones Sociológicas, 70, 91-105. https://doi.org/10.2307/40183802

Verropoulou, G. y Tsimbos, C. (2017). Disability trends among older adults in ten European countries over 2004-2013, using various indicators and survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) data’. Ageing and Society, 37(10), 2152-2182. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0144686X16000842

Vlachantoni, A. (2019). Unmet need for social care among older people. Ageing and Society, 39(4), 657-684. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0144686X17001118

Yanguas, J. et al. (2020). El reto de la soledad en las personas mayores. Barcelona: Fundación La Caixa.

Zueras, P. y Miret Gaimundi, P. (2013). Mayores que viven solos: una panorámica desde los censos. Revista Española de Investigaciones Sociológicas, 144, 139-152. http://doi.org/10.5477/cis/reis.144.139

Published

2023-05-10

How to Cite

López Doblas, J., & Díaz Conde, M. del P. . (2023). From the Civil War to Loneliness: Vulnerability in the Lives of Older People. CENTRA Journal of Social Sciences, 2(1), 63–82. https://doi.org/10.54790/rccs.41

Issue

Section

Artículos